The strcpy() function copies a string from source to destination, including the null terminator \0. It is defined in the <string.h> header.

Table of Contents

Basic Syntax

#include <string.h>
char *strcpy(char *destination, const char *source);

Parameter	Description
`destination`	Pointer to destination array (must be large enough)
`source`	Pointer to source string to copy
Return value	Pointer to destination (useful for chaining)

Example 1: Basic String Copy

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main() {
char source[] = "Hello World";
char destination[20];  // Must be large enough
strcpy(destination, source);
printf("Source: %s\n", source);
printf("Destination: %s\n", destination);
return 0;
}

Output:

Source: Hello World
Destination: Hello World

Example 2: Copying Partial Strings

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main() {
char text[] = "Programming in C";
char buffer[30];
// Copy entire string
strcpy(buffer, text);
printf("Full copy: %s\n", buffer);
// Copy from specific position using pointer arithmetic
strcpy(buffer, text + 4);  // Starts at position 4 ( 'r' )
printf("From index 4: %s\n", buffer);
// buffer now contains "ramming in C"
return 0;
}

Output:

Full copy: Programming in C
From index 4: ramming in C

Example 3: Chaining strcpy Calls

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main() {
char first[20];
char second[20];
char third[20];
// strcpy returns destination, allowing chaining
strcpy(third, strcpy(second, strcpy(first, "Chain")));
printf("First: %s\n", first);
printf("Second: %s\n", second);
printf("Third: %s\n", third);
return 0;
}

Output:

First: Chain
Second: Chain
Third: Chain

Example 4: Copying Between Arrays

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main() {
char name1[] = "Alice Johnson";
char name2[50];
char name3[50];
// Copy to another array
strcpy(name2, name1);
// Copy to itself is undefined behavior (don't do it)
// strcpy(name1, name1);  // ❌ BAD - Overlapping memory
// Modify original
strcpy(name1, "Bob Smith");
printf("Original: %s\n", name1);
printf("Copied (before): %s\n", name2);
// Copy again
strcpy(name3, name2);
printf("Second copy: %s\n", name3);
return 0;
}

Output:

Original: Bob Smith
Copied (before): Alice Johnson
Second copy: Alice Johnson

Example 5: Building Strings with strcpy and strcat

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main() {
char greeting[100];
char name[] = "John";
char exclamation[] = "!";
// Build: "Hello " + "John" + "!"
strcpy(greeting, "Hello ");
strcat(greeting, name);
strcat(greeting, exclamation);
printf("%s\n", greeting);
// Alternative using chaining
char message[100];
strcpy(strcpy(message, "Welcome, "), "Alice");
printf("%s\n", message);
return 0;
}

Output:

Hello John!
Welcome, Alice

Example 6: Copying String Literals

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main() {
char buffer[100];
// Copy string literal directly
strcpy(buffer, "Direct string literal");
printf("%s\n", buffer);
// Copy from const char* pointer
const char *msg = "Pointer to string";
strcpy(buffer, msg);
printf("%s\n", buffer);
// Copy multiple times (overwrites previous)
strcpy(buffer, "New content");
strcpy(buffer, "Overwritten again");
printf("%s\n", buffer);
return 0;
}

Output:

Direct string literal
Pointer to string
Overwritten again

The Danger: Buffer Overflow

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main() {
char small[5];  // Only 5 bytes capacity
// ❌ DANGEROUS - Source is larger than destination
// This will overflow and cause undefined behavior
char large[] = "This is too long";
// strcpy(small, large);  // CRASH or memory corruption!
// ✅ SAFE - Use strncpy or ensure size
char safe[50];
strcpy(safe, large);  // Safe because safe[] is large enough
printf("%s\n", safe);
return 0;
}

strcpy vs strncpy (Safe Alternative)

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main() {
char dest[10];
char src[] = "This is a very long string";
// strcpy - UNSAFE (will overflow)
// strcpy(dest, src);  // ❌ DON'T DO THIS
// strncpy - SAFER (copies max n characters)
strncpy(dest, src, sizeof(dest) - 1);  // Copy 9 chars
dest[sizeof(dest) - 1] = '\0';  // Manually add null terminator
printf("Copied: %s\n", dest);
// Note: strncpy doesn't add null terminator if src >= n
char dest2[5] = "XXXX";
strncpy(dest2, "Hi", 3);
printf("strncpy result: %s\n", dest2);  // "Hi" + null
return 0;
}

Output:

Copied: This is a
strncpy result: Hi

Comparison Table

Function	Copies Null Terminator?	Bounds Checked?	Use Case
`strcpy(dest, src)`	Yes	No	When dest size is guaranteed
`strncpy(dest, src, n)`	Only if src shorter than n	Yes	Limited copy (may need manual null)
`strcpy_s(dest, size, src)` (C11)	Yes	Yes	Safe version (optional in C11)

Common Mistakes

// ❌ WRONG - Destination too small
char dest[5];
char src[] = "Hello World";
strcpy(dest, src);  // Overflow!
// ✅ CORRECT - Ensure destination is large enough
char dest[50];
strcpy(dest, src);
// ❌ WRONG - Uninitialized destination
char *dest;  // Points to random memory
strcpy(dest, "text");  // CRASH
// ✅ CORRECT - Use array or malloc
char dest[20];
char *ptr = malloc(20);
strcpy(ptr, "text");
// ❌ WRONG - Overlapping memory
char str[20] = "Hello";
strcpy(str + 1, str);  // Undefined behavior
// ✅ CORRECT - Use memmove for overlapping
memmove(str + 1, str, 6);  // Safe overlapping copy

Practical Example: String Array Copy

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main() {
char original[5][20] = {
"Apple",
"Banana",
"Cherry",
"Date",
"Elderberry"
};
char copy[5][20];
// Copy entire array of strings
for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
strcpy(copy[i], original[i]);
}
// Modify original
strcpy(original[0], "Apricot");
strcpy(original[1], "Blueberry");
printf("Original:\n");
for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
printf("  %s\n", original[i]);
}
printf("\nCopy (unchanged):\n");
for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
printf("  %s\n", copy[i]);
}
return 0;
}

Output:

Original:
Apricot
Blueberry
Cherry
Date
Elderberry
Copy (unchanged):
Apple
Banana
Cherry
Date
Elderberry

Return Value Usage

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main() {
char buffer[100];
int length;
// strcpy returns pointer to destination
char *result = strcpy(buffer, "Hello");
// Check if success (always returns dest unless error)
if(result == buffer) {
printf("Copy successful\n");
}
// Can use return value in expressions
length = strlen(strcpy(buffer, "New string"));
printf("Length of '%s' is %d\n", buffer, length);
return 0;
}

Output:

Copy successful
Length of 'New string' is 10

Quick Summary

Operation	Code	Notes
Basic copy	`strcpy(dest, src)`	dest must be large enough
Safe copy	`strncpy(dest, src, size-1); dest[size-1]=0`	Always null terminate
Copy literal	`strcpy(dest, "text")`	Works directly
Chain copies	`strcpy(dest2, strcpy(dest1, src))`	Returns destination
Copy pointer content	`strcpy(dest, ptr)`	ptr must point to valid string

Best Practice Rules

Always ensure destination is large enough for source + null terminator
Use strncpy() for safety when size isn't guaranteed
Manually add null terminator after strncpy() if needed
Never use strcpy() with user input without validation
Never copy between overlapping strings (use memmove())
C11's strcpy_s() is safe but not universally available

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Basic Syntax

Example 1: Basic String Copy

Example 2: Copying Partial Strings

Example 3: Chaining strcpy Calls

Example 4: Copying Between Arrays

Example 5: Building Strings with strcpy and strcat

Example 6: Copying String Literals

The Danger: Buffer Overflow

strcpy vs strncpy (Safe Alternative)

Comparison Table

Common Mistakes

Practical Example: String Array Copy

Return Value Usage

Quick Summary

Best Practice Rules

Complete C Programming Guide + Compilers Collection

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2. C rand() Function Mechanics and Limitations

3. C log() Function

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5. Mastering time_t Type in C

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7. C log() Function (Alternate Guide)

8. C log10() Function

9. C tan() Function

10. Random Numbers in C (Secure vs Predictable)

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Function Arguments in C

Function Parameters in C

Function Declarations in C

Function Calls in C

Void Functions in C

Return Values in C

Pass-by-Value in C

Pass-by-Reference in C

C strstr() Function

C Preprocessor & Macros

C Structures, Memory, Scope & Linkage

C Scope, Storage Classes & Typedef

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Online Compilers

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